Cameras are an everyday commodity

Cameras are an everyday commodity Introduction / history Cameras are an everyday commodity and are commonly used today. It is a much simpler and advance device compared to the first ever camera made; the camera obscura. It was a sliding wooden box camera with a dark chamber which consists of an optical device. The first photograph taken with the camera obscura was by Joseph Nicephore Niepce in year 1814 but the image was only temporary. Soon after, the first practical photograph method was invented by Louis Jacques Daguerre and named it â€Å"daguerreotype†. However the process was perfected by William Fox Talbot and named it the â€Å"Calotype† in 1840. It is the first negative-positive process making multiple copies possible. The use of photographic film was found by George Eastman. His first camera called â€Å"Kodak† was a very simple box camera with a fixed focus lens and single shutter speed. It came along with a relatively low price which appealed to many average consumers. In 1900, He broadens mass market photography by introducing the concept of snapshot also known as â€Å"the Brownie†. George Eastman is known to bring photography and cameras general to the public. In 1913, the first 35mm camera develops. Oskar Barnack explored using 35mm cine film while building a compact camera capable for high quality enlargements. It gains immediate popularity as the format of choice for high end compact cameras. The 35mm cameras were expensive for most people and remain rollfilm as the format of choice for mass market cameras. However, 35mm film came to dominate the market when the cheapest cameras using rollfilm was discontinued. As conventional cameras became more sophisticated, a new type of camera appeared in the market. Edwin Land invented instant cameras; Polaroid photography. The Polaroid camera allows photographer to remove a developing print after the image is snapped. It was later made available to the public in 1948. In 1986, Fuji introduced disposable cameras. It is a camera that recycles parts which later was named â€Å"single use cameras†. In the late 1980s, digital photography entered the market of commerce. Kodaks introduction on the professional digital camera system (DSC) allows photojournalists to take electronic pictures. However, the first real digital camera introduced to consumers was in 1990. The camera was able to store compressed images and later downloaded into a PC or a Mac via cable. Photography became common to consumers and made available to consumers by the creator of Macintosh computer. It is a color digital camera with a 50mm fixed focus lens. Also able to store images into its memory, this had set some quality for digital cameras in the future.

Islam world Essay

European countries colonized most of the Islam world in eighteenth and the first half of the twentieth century. They were able to manage the finances and economies of these countries which only catered on their own interests and in their own ways. Banks all over the world have their own system in operating their organization. They set policies to attain their specific objectives and goals. One of these is the Islamic banking. Islamic banking as defined in Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia refers to a system of banking or banking activity which is consistent with Islamic law (Sharia) principles and guided by Islamic economics. In Islamic law, it forbids usury, the collection and payment of interest which is usually called as riba in Islamic discourse. In general, the Islamic law forbids trading in financial risk which is seen as a form of gambling. It also forbids investing in businesses that are considered haram such as businesses which involve in alcohol or pork, or businesses which produce un-Islamic media. Numerous of Islamic banking was founded in the late 20th century to cater to this specific banking market. History of Islamic Banking During the time of Prophet Muhammad, the Muslim communities have limited banking activity such as acceptance of deposits. In those days, the Muslims deposited their money with the Prophet or with the First Khalif of Islam whose name is Abu Bakr Sedique. The first Islamic bank was founded in Egypt which was put into under cover without giving any hint of Islamic image for having the fear of being seen as a manifestation of Islamic fundamentalism. In 1963, there was a pioneering effort made by Ahmed El Najjar who took the form of savings bank based on profit-sharing in Egyptian town of Mit Ghamr as an experiment. But the experimentation was ended in 1967 because during those days, there were nine banks in the country which had the same system as his. Principles in Islamic Banking Just like other banking systems, Islamic banking follows same purpose except that it operates in accordance with the rules of Shariah which is known as Figh al-Muamalat (Islamic rules on transactions). The sharing of profit and loss and the prohibition of riba’ which means interest is the basic principle in Islamic banking. There are common Islamic concepts which are used by the Islamic banking and these are the Mudharabah ( profit sharing) , Wadiah (safekeeping), Musharakah (joint venture), Murabahah ( cost plus) and Ijarah (leasing). Islamic banking uses many approaches in operating the system, if someone would like to loan the buyer money for him to purchase the selected item he chooses, the bank might be the one to buy that item to the seller and re-sell it to him at a profit by allowing him to pay the bank in installments but before his loan will be approved, the bank would ask him to have his strict collateral for bank’s protection against default. The land or goods which are registered in his name from the start of the transaction are the possible collateral. However, if he has late payment, there will be no additional penalties. This kind of arrangement is known as Murabaha. Ijara wa Iqtina is another approach use by Islamic banking. It is just similar to real estate leasing. All Islamic banks have the same approaches when it comes to vehicle loans. They sell the vehicle at a higher rate than in the market price to the debtor and have his/her ownership of the vehicle until the loan is paid. Islamic banks also used several approaches in business deals. They lend money to the some companies by issuing floating rate interest loans. This floating rate of interest is pegged to the company’s individual rate of return. In other words, the bank’s profit on the loan has equal ratio to a certain percentage of the company’s profit. There will be profit-sharing arrangement if the principal amount of the loan is repaid. This kind of approach is called Musharaka. Another approach is the Mudaraba. It is a venture capital funding which the bank provides financing while a certain entrepreneur provides labor so that both risk and profit are commonly shared. This kind of arrangement reflects the Islamic view that the borrower must not only be the one to bear all the risk or cost of a failure. Islamic banking only finance the Islamic acceptable deals and it doesn’t involve in alcohol, pork, gambling and other form of businesses that are against in their beliefs. The only acceptable form of investment is the ethical investing and moral purchasing is encouraged. Recently, there are numerous Islamic banks opened in the Muslim world but they still have a very small share of the global banking system. Concepts in Islamic debt banking *Wadiah (Safekeeping) The bank is entrusted as a keeper and trustee of funds. An individual deposits fund in the bank and the bank will guarantee and assure refund of the entire amount of the deposit, or any amount of outstanding balance whenever the depositor demands or withdraws it. The depositor may be rewarded with ‘hibah’ also called as gift as a way of showing gratitude for the use of funds by the bank. The bank compensates depositors for the time-value of their money; an example of this is the interest but refers it as a â€Å"gift†. *Mudharabah (Profit Loss sharing) It is an agreement or arrangement between an entrepreneur and a capital provider which the entrepreneur can use funds for his/her business activity. The capital provider and the entrepreneur will share the profits according to an agreed ratio but if ever there are losses, only the capital provider will bear them. The profit-sharing continues until the loan is repaid. The bank will be compensated for the time value of its money through the form of floating interest rate which is pegged to the debtor’s profits. * Musharakah (Joint Venture) This kind of approach is usually applied for joint ventures and business partnerships. They share same profits according to their agreed ratio and divide incurred losses based on the equity participation ratio. This concept is different from fixed-income investing. *Murabahah (Cost Plus) This concept is referring to the sale of goods at a price, which include a profit margin agreed to by both parties. At the time of sale agreement, the purchase and selling price, the profit margin and other costs must be clearly stated. The bank will be compensated for the time value of its money in the form of the profit money. It is a fixed-income loan for the purchase of a real asset such as real estate or a vehicle having a fixed rate of interest. The bank cannot have an additional interest on late payments. The asset remains in the ownership of the bank unless it is fully paid. This kind of concept is also similar to â€Å"rent-to-own† arrangements for furniture or appliances that are very common in North American stores. * Bai’ Bithaman Ajil (Deferred Payment Sale) This concept is almost the same with Murabahah but the debtor in this concept makes only a single installment and will pay on the maturity date of the loan. It also refers to the sale of goods on a deferred payment basis at a price including the profit margin agreed to by both parties. *Wakalah (Agency) The concept happens when an individual appoints a representative to do the transactions on his/her behalf which is just similar to a power of attorney. *Qardhul Hassan (Benevolent Loan) Of all form of loans mentioned, only Qardhul Hassan has an excellent effect to the debtors because in this loan, the debtor is only required to repay the principal amount lent. However, the debtor may pay an extra amount (any amount that is in his heart) beyond the principal amount of the loan as a way of gratitude to the creditor. But this transaction is a true interest-free loan because there are debtors who do not give an extra amount to the creditor. For some Muslims, they consider this loan as the only type of loan that does not go against with the prohibition on riba which is a type of a loan that does not compensate the creditor for the value of money. *Ijarah Thumma Al Bai’ (Hire Purchase) In this concept of loan, there are two contracts involved. Ijarah contract is into leasing/renting and the other contract is called Bai’ contact which means to purchase. These two contracts are undertaken one after the other. An example of this is in a car financing facility. A customer enters in an Ijarah contract where he/she leases the car from the owner which is the bank at an agreed amount over a particular period of time. When his contract in Ijarah expires, the Bai’ contract comes into effect which enables the customer to purchase and own the car at an agreed price. With this, the bank sells the car to the customer at an above market-price profit in return for agreeing to receive the payment over a period of time. The profit margin is equal to the interest earned at fixed rate of return. * Bai’ al-Inah (Sell and Buy back Agreement) In Bai’ al-Inah, the financier sells product to the customer on a long-term payment basis and then the financier immediately repurchased the product for cash with a discount. This agreement permits the bank to assume the ownership over the product or asset in order to protect default without charging interest in late payments or insolvency. *Hibah (Gift) The debtor in this concept voluntarily gives a hibah (gift) as a token given to the creditor in return for a loan. This concept is practice when Islamic banks voluntarily pay their customers interest on their savings account balances. * Takaful (Islamic Insurance) This concept is not new for it had been practiced by the Muhajrin of Mecca and the Ansar of Medina following the hijra of the Prophet over 1400 years ago. Takaful is also an alternative form of cover which a Muslim can avail himself the risk of loss due to misfortunes. Nowadays, in the modern business world, one way to minimize the risk of loss due to unavoidable circumstances is through insurances. The idea behind insurance is the sharing of risk. This concept of insurance does not go against in Shariah concept where resources are accumulated to help those who are in need.

Health Care Workers Needlestick Injuries Health And Social Care Essay

A needlestick hurt is a transdermal piercing lesion typically set by a hollow-borne acerate leaf or crisp instrument, including, but non limited to, acerate leafs, lancets, scalpels, and contaminated broken glass. This type of hurt can happen at the clip people use, disassemble, or dispose of acerate leafs. In the health care work topographic point, needlestick hurt has become a major concern to wellness attention workers in the decennaries. The Centers for Disease Control estimates that, in the United States, about 600,000 to one million needlestick hurts occur each twelvemonth. Unfortunately, about half of these needlestick hurts go unreported ( CDC, 2007 ) . In Canada, hurts from needlesticks and other sharps remain a major concern in the healthcare field with the figure around 70,000 per twelvemonth, or norm of 192 per twenty-four hours. [ 2 ] Health attention worker exposures to bloodborne pathogens as a consequence of hurts caused by acerate leafs and other crisp devices are a important societal concern these yearss. The bloodborne pathogens related to needlestick hurt are more than 30 species including human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) , hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) , and hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) and others. Needlestick hurts expose workers to bloodborne pathogens that can do infection such as AIDS, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and so on. The first instance of occupationally acquired human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) infection was reported in 1984 and highlighted the hazard of occupational exposure to HIV and hepatitis. [ 3 ] Center for Disease Control and Prevention reported that over 1400 wellness attention worker infection to Hepatitis B occurred due to needlestick hurts In 1993. [ 4 ] To minimise the hazard of occupational exposure to the bloodborne pathogens through transdermal hurts, the US federal statute law has been acted with the beginning of OSHA Bloodboren Pathogens criterion in 1991 [ 5 ] and culminating in the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act of 2000 [ 6 ] . From the ordinance, the cardinal constituent is the usage of safety-engineered devices, which are medical sharps that have been designed to include safety characteristics or mechanisms, including design characteristics to extinguish the crisp wholly, to extinguish or minimise the hazard of hurt to the user or others. [ 7 ] Pugliese found that about 80 % of sharps hurts are preventable through either a procedural alteration or the debut of a safety device. [ 8 ] During the past decennary, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) of the U.S. Department of Labor has led authorities attempts to diminish the hazard of exposure through needlestick hurts. [ 3 ] The US Occupational Safety and Health Agency monitors the usage of acerate leafs and sharps and mandates the usage and rating of inactive safety systems for sharps without respect to cost. Contrary to the United States, Canada'sA occupational safety and wellness plans are organized and administered at the provincial degree. In Alberta, the authorities had passed ordinances to include demands for the usage of safety-engineered devices to cut down sharps hurts and exposure to blood and organic structure fluids in November 2003 which set criterions for protecting the wellness and safety of workers. ( OHS Code )C. Study Design and MethodsDatabase from infirmaries ( see Appendix A ) comparison before and after the SEN, underreport [ 9 ] and interview with RN E. Study Population – ( Gender and Minority Inclusions ) : 1. Describe the features of the capable population, include the awaited figure of normal voluntaries, age scopes, sex, cultural background, and wellness position. Identify the standards for inclusion or exclusion ( particularly adult females and/or minorities ) . Explain the principle for the usage of particular categories of topics, such as foetuss, pregnant adult females, or others who are likely to be vulnerable, particularly those whose ability to give voluntary informed consent may be questionable.F. Plan of Statistical Analysis1. Analysiss will be performed utilizing Microsoft Access, Excel and State 10 package. 2. Describe plans for enlisting of topics and the consent processs to be followed ; including the fortunes under which consent will be sought and obtained, who will seek it, who will give degree CelsiusG. Ethical IssuesAll research will be conducted following verbal and written consent of the participants. Approval will be obtained by the University of Alberta research moralss board ( REB ) prior to the beginning of the survey.H. Timetable:Completion of proposal for research February 31, 2010 Completion of questionnaire April 31, 2010 Edmonton Part July-August, 2010 Data Import and Analysis Septemper 31, 2010 Writing Up November 31, 2010I. References & A ; Literature CitedAppendix A: Edmonton infirmaries information University of Alberta Hospital 8440 – 112 Street, Edmonton Ph 780-407-8822 Medical Education Office 1F1.08 WMC Ph 407-7455 Royal Alexandra Hospital 10240 – Kingsway Avenue, Edmonton Ph 780-735-4111 Medical Education Office Room 1108H Ph 735-5239 Alberta Hospital Edmonton 17480 Fort Road, Edmonton Ph 780-472-5555 Cross Cancer Institute 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton Ph 780-432-8771 Edmonton General Continuing Care 11111 – Jasper Avenue, Edmonton Ph 780-482-8111 Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital 10230 – 111 Avenue, Edmonton Ph 780-735-7999 Grey Nuns Community Hospital and Health Centre 1100 Youville Drive W, Edmonton Ph 780-735-7000 Medical Education Office Room 1712 Ph 780-735-7434 Misericordia Community Hospital and Health Centre 16940 – 87 Avenue, Edmonton Ph 780-735-5611 Medical Education Office Room 1N98 Ph 780-735-2991 Northeast Community Health Centre 14007 – 50 Street, Edmonton Ph 780-472-5000 Queen Elizabeth II Hospital 10409 – 98 Street, Grande Prairie Ph 780-538-7100 Red Deer Regional Hospital Centre 3942 – 50 A Avenue, Red Deer Ph 403-343-4422 Stollery Children ‘s Hospital Administrative Offices 4H2.36 WMC 8440 – 112 Street, Edmonton Ph 780-407-8655 Sturgeon Community Hospital and Heath Centre 201 Boudreau Road, St Albert Ph 780-418-8200OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH, SAFETY & A ; WELLNESS ( OHS & A ; W )Report all blood/body fluid and needle stick exposures to: RAH/UAH/SCH/GRH/LCH/FSHC/RHC/WHC/DGH – Alberta Health Services LINK at 780-401-2669. MIS/Caritas – 780-735-2806 GNH/Caritas – 780-735-7310

Middle East Oil Reserves Who Has the Most Crude Oil

he terms Middle East and oil-rich are often taken as synonyms of each other. Talk of the Middle East and oil has made it seem as  if every country in the Middle East were an oil-rich, oil-producing exporter. Yet, the reality is at odds with that assumption. The Greater Middle East adds up to more than 30 countries. Only a few of those have significant oil reserves and produce enough oil to slake their energy needs and export oil as well. Several have minor oil reserves.   Lets take a look at the reality of the Middle East and proved crude oil reserves. The Oil-Dry Nations of the Greater Middle East To really understand how the countries in the Middle East are related to the worlds oil productions, its important to understand which do not have oil reserves. Seven countries in total are what is considered oil-dry. They do not have the crude oil reservoirs required for production or export. A number of these countries are small in area or located in regions that simply do not have the reserves of their neighbors. The oil-dry countries of the Middle East include: AfghanistanCyprusComorosDjiboutiEritreaLebanonSomalia The Mideasts Biggest Oil Producers The Middle Easts association with oil production primarily comes from countries like Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, and Kuwait. Each of these has over 100 billions of barrels in proved reserves. What is a proved reserve? According to the CIA World Factbook, proved reserves of crude oil are those that have been estimated with a high degree of confidence to be commercially recoverable. These are known reservoirs analyzed by geological and engineering data. Its also important to note that the oil must have the ability to be obtained anytime in the future and that current economic conditions do play a role in these estimates. With these definitions in mind, 100 of the 217 countries in the world rank for having some degree of proved oil reserves. The worlds oil industry is a complex maze that is extremely important in the world economy. That is why it is key to so many diplomatic discussions.   The Mideasts Oil Producers, by Estimated Proved  Reserves Rank Country Reserves (bbn*) World Rank 1 Saudi Arabia 266.2 2 2 Iran 157.2 4 3 Iraq 149.8 5 4 Kuwait 101.5 6 5 United Arab Emirates 97.8 7 6 Libya 48.4 9 7 Kazakhstan 30 11 8 Qatar 25.2 13 9 Algeria 12.2 15 10 Azerbaijan 7 18 11 Oman 5.4 21 12 Sudan 5 22 13 Egypt 4.4 25 14 Yemen 3 29 15 Syria 2.5 30 16 Turkmenistan 0.6 43 17 Uzbekistan 0.6 44 18 Tunisia 0.4 48 19 Pakistan 0.3 52 20 Bahrain 0.1 67 21 Mauritania 0.02 83 22 Israel 0.012 87 23 Jordan 0.01 96 24 Morocco 0.0068 97 *bbn -  billions of barrelsSource: CIA World Factbook; January 2018 figures. Which Country has the Biggest Oil Reserves? In reviewing the table of Middle East oil reserves, you will notice that no country in the region ranks for the top oil reserves in the world. So which country does rank number one? The answer is Venezuela with an estimated 302 billion barrels available of proved crude oil reserves. Other countries in the world that make up the top ten include: #3: Canada with 170.5 billion barrels#8: Russia with 80 billion barrels#10: Nigeria with 37.5 billion barrels Where does the United States rank? The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimated the total proved oil reserve in the country as 39.2 billion barrels as of the end of 2017. The CIA World Factbook omitted the U.S. in the 2018 ranking, but the estimate from the EIA would place it in the #10 place, and move Nigeria into 11 in the world rankings. Sources Country Comparison: Crude Oil - Proved Reserves. The World Factbook. Washington DC: Central Intelligence Agency.U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Year-end 2017. U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2017.